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פרק 4 - עבודה ואנרגיה
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=== דוגמא תלויה בזמן - גל מישורי === השדות עבור גל מישורי כללי כלשהו נתונים ע"י <math display="block">\vec E = \hat e E_0 cos(k \cdot r - \omega t) </math><math display="block">\vec H = \hat h \frac{E_0}{\eta} cos(k \cdot r - \omega t) </math><math display="block">\vec S = \vec E \times \vec H = \underbrace{\hat e \times \hat h}_{\hat k} \frac{E_0^2}{\eta} cos^2(k\cdot r - wt) = \hat k \cdot \frac{E_0^2}{\eta} cos^2(k\cdot r - wt) </math><math display="block">-\nabla \cdot \vec S = \hat k \cdot \hat k \frac{E_0^2}{\eta} 2 \cos(k\cdot r - wt) \sin(k\cdot r - wt) = \frac{k}{\eta} E_0^2 \cdot \sin(2(k\cdot r - wt)) </math>מכיוון שגל מישורי הוא פיתרון בתווך חסר מקורות: <math display="block">\vec p = \vec E \cdot \vec J = 0 </math>צפיפויות האנרגיה יהיו: <math display="block">u_E = \epsilon_0/2 |E|^2 = \epsilon_0/2 |E_0|^2 \cos^2(k\cdot r - wt) </math><math display="block">u_M = \mu_0/2 |H|^2 = \epsilon_0/2 |\frac{E_0}{\eta}|^2 \cos^2(k\cdot r - wt) </math>האם מתקיים משפט פוינטינג? <math display="block">-\nabla \cdot S = \frac{\partial}{\partial t} (u_E+u_M) = E_0^2 (\epsilon_0/2 + \mu_0/2 \frac{1}{\eta^2}) \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \cos^2(k\cdot r - wt) = E_0^2 (\epsilon_0/2 + \mu_0/2 (\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\mu_0}{\epsilon_0}}})^2) \cdot 2 \cos(k\cdot r - wt) \sin(k \cdot r - wt) \cdot (-1) \cdot (-\omega) = \omega \epsilon_0 </math>התוצאה המקורית הייתה <math>\frac{k}{\eta} </math>. האם אכן מתקיים: <math display="block">\frac{k}{\eta} = \omega \epsilon_0 </math> אכן כן!
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